**Requirements for Rational Laboratory Furniture Layout**
To build a fully functional laboratory, professional design by technical experts is essential. The layout should be human-centered, standardized, and regulated to achieve optimal usability.
### I. Rational Design of Laboratory Water System
1. Use DG15PP, PVC, or Kaitai pipes for the water supply system, with a water pressure of at least 2.5 MPa. For drainage, use DG50 PP, PVC, or ceramic pipes with a minimum slope of 5 degrees, and install U-shaped traps to prevent backflow. Avoid metal materials for water pipes. Outdoor piping arrangements are to be considered separately.
2. Toxic and hazardous liquids generated during experiments should be directed to a secondary water collection system for disinfection and purification before discharge to meet environmental standards.
3. The laboratory drainage system should be designed with an independent loop and should not connect with other drains, such as restrooms.
### II. Rational Design of Laboratory Electrical System
1. Adhere to China’s voltage standards: Three-phase five-wire AC power supply of 380V, 50Hz (red for A, green for B, yellow for C, black for neutral, and two-color for protective ground); single-phase three-wire AC power supply of 220V, 50Hz (red for live, black for neutral, and two-color for ground).
2. Design laboratory wiring using copper-core wires (BVR, BV) with wire diameter and switch specifications based on power capacity.
3. High-load electrical appliances should have independent circuits with appropriate automatic protection switches.
4. Power sources for valuable and precision instruments should include a stabilizing or isolation transformer to ensure safe and reliable operation.
5. All sockets and equipment casings must be properly grounded to ensure personal safety.
6. Design air conditioning, lighting, and heating elements to meet safety and reliability requirements.
### III. Rational Design of Laboratory Gas System
1. For safety, place various gases used in experiments in explosion-proof storage rooms away from work areas, if possible. If not, gas cylinders should be stored in safety cabinets equipped with automatic alarms.
2. Install a negative pressure exhaust system to prevent the indoor leakage of toxic or harmful gases.
3. Design the appropriate number of exhaust fans with backdraft dampers based on room size to ensure smooth airflow and cleanliness.
4. Each room should have ventilation holes with filtration devices. For rooms with indoor corridors, install louvered doors or windows, sizing based on exhaust volume requirements.
### IV. Rational Design of Laboratory Exhaust System
1. The exhaust system is critical to laboratory construction. The effectiveness of fume hoods depends largely on exhaust system design.
2. FRP (fiber-reinforced plastic) is preferred for exhaust ducts, though PVC or PP can also be used. The duct interior should be rough to reduce airflow noise, with a round or rectangular shape, 250–500 mm in diameter, based on exhaust requirements.
3. Select a corrosion-resistant fan type based on requirements:
– (1) Axial fans for single fume hoods or small airflow needs.
– (2) Diagonal flow fans for double fume hoods or moderate airflow needs.
– (3) Centrifugal fans for multiple fume hoods or high airflow needs.
– (4) Roof fans (similar specifications as above) are also an option.
4. Install corrosion-resistant fans on the outdoor roof with rain and bird covers, vibration dampers, backdraft dampers, and silencers.
5. If the laboratory is air-conditioned and has a fume hood, design a makeup air system to avoid energy waste.
**V. Rational Design of Laboratory Furniture to Maximize Space Utilization**
1. Make the most of the available space to maximize its utility. Arrange laboratory furniture logically to align with experimental procedures, achieving optimal spatial efficiency.
2. Laboratory furniture should meet ergonomic standards, with dimensions (length, width, height) designed according to human-centered principles.
3. The design should facilitate experimental workflows, ensuring smooth work processes and unimpeded movement in passageways.
4. Furniture should not block light sources or heat sources like radiators, which would lead to energy inefficiencies.
5. Use specialized materials for laboratory furniture, such as environmentally friendly, flame-resistant, corrosion-resistant, and high-strength materials to ensure durability.
6. Different types of basic furniture should be designed for various labs (biology, genetics, physics, chemistry) to ensure safety, economy, and practicality.
**VI. Laboratory Interior Construction**
1. Laboratory construction differs from standard renovations, requiring aesthetics and comfort alongside fireproofing, moisture resistance, corrosion resistance, and additional features such as enhanced ventilation, air purification, disinfection, and sterilization for an environmentally safe, reliable, and durable facility.
2. Choose construction materials with environmental and corrosion-resistant properties.
3. Use full-glass partitions (12 mm–19 mm thick), a widely adopted design in modern lab construction, to create a spacious, bright, and scientifically advanced environment.
4. Ensure that toxic and hazardous gases and liquids produced during experiments undergo secondary treatment before discharge to meet emission standards.
